Despite the success, military leaders did not utilize Salmon's approach during the first years of World War II. According to Pols and Oak (2007), 65 percent of Soldiers treated at tier one locations returned to the fighting lines within 4-5 days. The third and final tier (prior to repatriation) utilized the resources at Base Hospital 117, where Soldiers received treatment for up to six months Salmon was personally involved with the treatment at Base Hospital 117 (Pols & Oak, 2007). Salmon's second tier consisted of base hospitals 5-15 miles to the rear of the front lines Soldiers received treatment for up to three weeks in these locations. Doctors used optimistic persuasion and suggestion to reassure their patients that their reactions were normal and would pass within a few days. Soldiers were allowed to rest, given sedation, and provided adequate food. Subsequently, Salmon developed a three-tiered approach that focused on treating war neurosis.Īccording to Pols and Oak (2007), Salmon's three-tiered approach consisted of aid stations located a few miles behind the front lines. Instead of being an indication of mental disease, shell shock was a natural response to the traumas of war (Pols & Oak, 2007). According to Pols and Oak (2007), Salmon believed that Soldiers developed combat neurosis as an unconscious means of evading an intolerable circumstance in which self-preservation instincts were at odds with duty obligations. Salmon shared the views of Myers and Rivers he believed war neurosis (i.e., shell shock) was a psychological reaction as opposed to a biological disposition to mental illness (Pols & Oak, 2007). Salmon, an American military psychiatrist, whom they influenced by their work.ĭr. Their studies attracted the interest of Dr. Rivers did not believe in their colleagues' biological (i.e., neurological) origins they believed the origins of shell shock were psychological and suggested psychotherapeutic interventions (Pols & Oak, 2007). Subsequently, British physicians Charles S. According to Pols and Oak (2007), military physicians attributed the symptoms to neurological causes, while military officers described the afflicted Soldiers as malingerers or cowards. Stuttering, sobbing, shaking, paralysis, stupor, mutism, deafness, blindness, anxiety attacks, sleeplessness, disorientation, forgetfulness, hallucinations, nightmares, heart difficulties, vomiting, and intestinal diseases were among the somatogenic, and psychogenic symptoms reported (Pols & Oak, 2007). Consequently, General Patton's experiences would result in the effective denigration and physical abuse of Soldiers whose symptoms left them less than physically incapacitated.īritish psychiatrists discovered a perplexing condition called shell shock during World War I. According to Lovelace (2019), Patton interpreted mental illness as total and complete physical incapacitation due to these experiences. Subsequently, they influenced Army policy and mental health treatment practices during Patton's exposure to shell shock victims during World War I informed his understanding of mental illness and its effects on the battlefield (Lovelace, 2019). Generals Eisenhower, Marshal, Patton, and McArthur were all World War I veterans, and their subjective construal of mental illness likewise resulted from their interpretations of their experiences during World War I (Lovelace, 2019). The junior officers of World War I became the senior officers of World War 2 who led the allied response against the Axis powers. The Origins of Disease Model Treatment Modalities As a result, historical psychopathological treatment modalities negatively affect the Army's ability to fight and win the nation's wars due to increased abnormal mental health diagnoses and decreased psychological capital. Tribal wars 2 units manual#Disease models are intrinsically reactive and result in diagnoses aligned with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), reflected best practices, and were perpetuated in respected scholarly sources (Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Their emphasis on mental illness resulted in the pervasive adoption and usage of a reactive disease model of mental health (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The National Institute of Mental Health and the Veterans Administration were both founded in the wake of World War II. The Historical Origins of Mental Health Disease Centric Treatment Modalities
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